An applique is a picture or decoration created from pieces of fabric or paper, as well as other materials, glued to each other or sewn together.
This type of decorative art has been known for a long time. Perhaps it arose due to the need to connect pieces of skin or tissue to each other. Over time, they began to use pieces of suede and felt of a different quality and shade to decorate clothes and give products a more festive and beautiful look. A variety of plots were collected from leather and felt, the center of which was animals, plants, birds, even religious characters.
Various types of applications have become widespread not only among the nobility and wealthy population, but also among ordinary people. For many years, cut-out appliqué has taken pride of place among other types of creativity. Cut-out is the simplest example of appliqué, which everyone gets acquainted with in childhood. The simplest cutouts are snowflakes, which, surprisingly, are a subspecies of a silhouette-type appliqué.
An ancient form of art - appliqué - has come down to our time almost unchanged. Now the technique for assembling the whole image has not changed much - parts are still sewn or glued to the base.
There are several branches of this art. They are divided into types of applications according to materials, plots, elements used. So let's get to the review.
The most common types of applications:
Also one of the types of application is silhouette. Dark silhouettes were cut out of thick dark-colored paper. Such images became real works of art: having gained great popularity among the nobility, they were made of high quality paper and of great value. Highly artistic works, the themes of which were battles, everyday scenes, as well as entire scenes, are still evaluated by experts as works of the highest subtlety and taste.
It is easy to make such a silhouette application on your own. This requires a high density sheet on which a pattern with a large number of elements is drawn or printed. With the help of small scissors or a utility knife, pieces of paper are cut out so that the remaining material forms a silhouette by connecting paper and slits.
Popular types of applications are constantly changing. A variety of creativity has become widespread, in which the picture is formed by using rhinestones as the main material.
Rhinestones are multifaceted, the so-called diamond processing, as well as ordinary, round. The latter are not so shiny, their surface practically does not reflect light. Diamond cut gives them brightness, they reflect light several times better.
To make a picture-application, you can purchase a ready-made kit. These are sold in craft stores. You can also choose your own rhinestones of the desired shade and come up with a composition. The sets are convenient - they contain a scheme with a color pattern, according to which the pebbles are glued. In addition, the surface of the base is coated with a special composition, thanks to which the application does not crumble.
Applications from rhinestones can be not only in the form of paintings. They can decorate clothes - a dress, a suit corset, shirt lapels and jacket lapels.
In order to decorate a children's dress with a rhinestone appliqué, you need to choose pebbles of a contrasting shade. In addition, you will need special glue, if the rhinestones are not glue-based, and tweezers, which are convenient for laying out the pattern.
You can decorate both in random order and following the pattern. In any case, the result will be impressive - the clothes will become exclusive and take on a festive and elegant look.
The simplest application is from leaves. Children meet her at the age of three or four years. For work, you will need dried leaves of flowers, trees, shrubs. In addition, you need paper (white or colored, depending on the idea), PVA glue or glue-based rhinestones.
You can use a template for the plot. Having printed it on paper or drawn by hand, leaves are glued to it with glue. It is not necessary to follow the drawing clearly, you can use it only as a basis. The more fantasy manifests itself during work, the more interesting the work will be.
You can invite the child to make his own plot - draw an animal, a little man, a character of his favorite cartoon, and supplement it with the help of leaves - complete the house, the hero's clothes, accessories. Such a creation will show the full creative potential of the child and help him open up. The leaf appliqué instills a love of nature while developing the imagination.
Another interesting look is the application of threads. To work, you need yarn for knitting or embroidery (mulina), scissors, glue, thick cardboard of several colors.
In order to make a cute lion cub, you need to draw its silhouette on colored paper. The figurine is cut out and glued to the A4 sheet, which acts as the base. The muzzle can be drawn on white paper, cut out and carefully painted with colored pencils.
For the mane, cut a bunch of threads. Each thread should be about three centimeters long. It will take about fifteen strands. You can do more, it all depends on your imagination. The finished threads are glued with PVA onto a round base with a diameter of 2.5 cm (i.e., the base should be smaller than the mane so that the threads look free and natural). Then the muzzle of a lion cub is fixed on top of them.
For a brush on the tail, you need a bunch of threads of small length. They can be carefully wound in the middle with a longer thread so that short strands do not knock out and are not disheveled. You can make a bombon or a classic thread brush for the tail tassel. The main thing is that their dimensions look harmonious with the whole figure.
The use of this type of material has its advantages. Often at home there are trimmings of threads or leftover yarn that can be used in work. Using thin material, the child develops fine motor skills and imagination.
Thread applique is not only a children's type of needlework. It provides the widest scope for creativity. Experienced craftswomen turn non-traditional types of appliqué into real masterpieces. Working with threads is very painstaking, requiring great precision and perseverance. Starting to master this direction, it is worth practicing to complete small plots, master the creation of individual elements, experimenting with the shape of objects and the quality of the thread. Then it’s just worth starting to complete the big plot.
To make bullfinches, you will need:
First, on the cardboard, which will be the basis, a plot is sketched. Bullfinches arrive in winter, most often we see them against the backdrop of snow, sitting on the branches of trees - ordinary garden or spruce trees. This is exactly what needs to be drawn.
It is important for yourself to decide which block will be executed in what color. Thus, there will be no confusion in the location of the threads.
First of all, background elements are performed. The base is carefully stained with PVA glue, and then the threads are glued. The first strand can be laid in any order, but all subsequent strands will necessarily repeat the contour. It is more convenient to start from the bottom, first bypassing all the difficult places, and then completing a large field. After the sky and branches are ready, they begin to make the bodies of the birds. It is necessary to work carefully, the beak and paws require special precision in laying the threads. Berries are done last. To make them look like a real mountain ash, the red threads are twisted in a spiral. So the berry turns out to be more embossed and voluminous.
If desired, the base can be fabric. In this case, the threads are laid out on the base or glued as described above. Then manually or sewing machine several stitches are made that secure the threads additionally. Such applications can beautifully decorate a pillow or bedspreads, it is also used as an element of decorating clothes.
Such a picture of threads will decorate any interior and will attract admiring glances from guests.
Applications for children are an important stage in the formation of thinking. Working with simple materials, the child learns to think creatively, to see the complex in the simple, to fantasize and think in images.
The first children's application made of plasticine promotes the development of sensory motor skills. Kneading a pliable piece under the fingers, the child gives signals to the brain that are responsible for the speech apparatus. Working with mom, the child learns to draw analogies between the drawing and the result. It also strengthens the bond between child and parent.
Paper applications are also mastered with children of three or four years old. It is important to arouse interest, because just like that, a child is unlikely to realize that a zebra or a kitten can turn out from a simple sheet of colored paper.
Applications for children should not be too complicated. It’s worth starting with simple elements that do not require additional effort. For example, you can depict a house - for this, elements are first cut out. A square is cut for the walls, a triangle for the roof. Then the child, under the guidance of an adult, can glue the blanks in the indicated sequence. For children, the process, as a result of which a recognizable image is obtained from incomprehensible parts, is a real miracle.
Application on fabric - interesting way clothing decorations. Thus, you can decorate both adult things and children's things. Many couturiers, from classics to modern ones, deservedly pay great attention to this type of decoration.
To decorate a fox-like garment or bag, you need several pieces of fabric - 10 by 10 cm orange, 5 by 5 cm white. You also need black thread and an embroidery needle.
First, a blank is drawn on paper - the fox's head, body and tail. Then two triangles are drawn - for the muzzle and for the breast. The resulting patterns are transferred to the fabric and cut out.
Blanks are sewn to the base from the front side. You can do this on a sewing machine or sew by hand.
To create a plot, flowers and butterflies are sewn around the chanterelle. You can cut them out of fabric, use curly buttons.
The edges of the fabrics can be processed or left free - any option has the right to exist. The fox does not have to be red - even a purple animal will look interesting.
Application on fabric is a universal way to decorate things, simple and affordable. Since trimming of matter is necessary for work, this gives a lot of room for imagination.
Templates for appliqués in fabric or other materials are available in large quantities. It can be cartoon characters, flowers, elements of plants or animals, whole compositions. Templates for fabric applications are good and convenient in that they contain all the details and elements necessary to form a holistic image.
For example, the photo above shows a horse. All details of the animal are drawn in the appropriate proportions, which allows you to print the blank on paper of any size - from a small note sheet to A3 or larger.
To develop imagination, some types of applications can be improved. Familiar technologies combined with non-standard materials or approaches can give interesting results.
For example, a standard applique, in which flowers are the main motive, will sparkle with other colors if an unusual material is used.
For work you need:
First, with scissors, you need to carefully cut off the heads of cotton buds. This must be done carefully so as not to injure yourself.
Then, on green paper, you need to draw an outline of dandelion leaves and stems. Cut leaves are glued to the base.
It is necessary to roll three approximately equal balls from yellow plasticine, which are then flattened with the thumb of the hand. Cotton swabs are gently pressed along the edges of the plasticine with plastic bases inward. Then the resulting blanks are carefully hooked and, with the help of the same piece of plasticine, are attached to the stems of the flowers. The resulting application, the flowers in which are made in such an unusual way, looks very interesting. Using this technique, you can make a hedgehog by gluing sunflower seeds or buckwheat instead of needles on PVA. Any natural material, as well as any scraps of fabrics, leftovers from needlework, etc. can be used.
Another technology that has become widespread is paper application. The selected plot or image is composed of pieces of different sizes and shapes. The material is often classic colored paper. However, you can use not only it - corrugated cardboard, wrapping paper, colored paper with a pattern, newspapers, parts of old postcards are great options.
To make a paper application, the first step is to prepare a template. It can be a hand-drawn image or a printed image. Any theme is chosen - animals, plants, ships, transport. Then you need to decide how the paper will be glued. There are two ways. The first - the figurine is assembled from large elements. To do this, the drawing is divided into large sections - head, body, paws, tail. All parts are cut out and pasted onto paper.
The second way is to use small parts. In this case, the paper can be both monophonic and multi-colored. The main thing is that the form is clearly traced behind it. Small pieces of paper are glued to each other end-to-end or with overlap using PVA. It is important to observe the contours of the drawing, then the form will be clearly visible.
Decorative applique, the types of which are very numerous, can be used in any field of needlework. Fabric applications can be used to decorate clothes, sew bright bedspreads and blankets, decorate panels and rugs. Using additional materials - beads, rhinestones, inflorescences of dried flowers and a variety of textured items (buttons or pieces of cardboard), they create real masterpieces. Leaf paintings can be not only children's crafts. Layered one on top of the other, maple leaves combined with viburnum clusters make any classic appliqué a work of art.
In the course of applique lessons, schoolchildren learn to make decorative works, complex compositions, objects of the surrounding reality, fairy-tale episodes, etc.
Application lessons contribute to the development in children of the ability to see and convey the beauty of reality, its nature, forms artistic taste, compositional principles, the ability to work with various materials, comprehend their qualities and properties in the course of work, the ability to combine colors, shades, make patterns, create products.
Consider some types of applications.
The use of a textile flap in decorative and applied works, the design of clothes and household items opens up a wide scope for introducing children into the world of creativity, developing their interest in work, artistic imagination and taste.
The creation of large ornamental items from a textile patch (blanket, bedspread) requires long and painstaking work. Often, not only children, but also adults cannot stand the monotonous repetition of the same type of operations. Moreover, due to their age characteristics, students want to quickly see the result of their work. This requirement is met to a large extent by overhead sewing (appliqué) as one of the technologically simple types of patchwork.
By appliqué we mean the creation of an image by sewing details onto the background (base). A simple application can be made from ready-made forms - images of animals, flowers, leaves, etc., made in the material. More complex - the so-called free (or landscape) application, is created according to your own sketch or template. The complexity of such an application lies in creating a composition and choosing a color solution.
Landscape applique can be used not only in the manufacture of panels and rugs, but also for the decorative design of clothes, bags, etc.
Most often, the following elements (conditional images) are used in landscape application: mountains, forest silhouette, image of the sun and clouds, contours of trees and shrubs, buildings; figures of people and animals.
The implementation of a specific idea (plot) requires careful selection of fabric patches: according to texture, color, pattern, thickness. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the properties of tissues: physical, mechanical and technological.
Landscape application, as a rule, is multifaceted. For a greater sense of the "depth" of the picture, it is necessary to be able to correctly use not only visual illusions of color ("receding" and "protruding" colors), but also visual sensations associated with the features of the surface of tissues (shine, gloss, reflection, roughness, fluffiness, softness, rudeness, etc.). For greater decorativeness, you can use materials with different properties (tensile, draped, retaining hard folds), as well as the external effect of auxiliary materials (satin ribbon, lace, braid, soutache, etc.). In addition, it is possible to use machine and hand embroidery. Machine embroidery can be performed in parallel with the technological processing of elements. Hand embroidery (seam "forward needle", stalk stitch, buttonhole stitch, chain stitch, fastened loop, coiled stitch, straight and oblique stitch) can be an addition and be performed after the completion of the main technological work. It is also possible to use a colored surface, but taking into account the pattern of the fabrics used.
To give the picture additional relief, you can use a synthetic winterizer: fill it with individual elements or duplicate the details of the foreground and middle plans.
Before proceeding with the application, it is necessary to check the color fastness of the patches matched by color and pattern. Then smooth them and grease the edges on the wrong side with a paste solution so that they do not crumble when cut out (you can just starch the flaps completely). Iron the dried patches with an iron through a dry iron.
After that, a drawing is made, transferring it to the main fabric and onto a sheet of paper - a pattern. The contour applied to the fabric will indicate the location of the fragments, and the pattern will be cut into parts. When cutting, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the shared thread: the main fabric and the fabric of individual parts from the flaps must match in warp and weft. If the details of the future application have a simple shape, then they are cut out strictly along the contour. If the shape is complex or the part will be made of bulk material, then it can not be cut out at all. In this case, the part is swept and fixed with a line along the contour of the pattern, then the excess fabric is cut off, and only after that the sections are processed manually or by machine.
To prevent the cuts of the appliqué from crumbling before cutting it out, you need to strengthen the fabric with a thin adhesive pad or starch its edges. It is not necessary to leave allowances on the application, but in order for the image not to suffer from overlapping its contour with a zigzag stitch, it is necessary to take into account its width and plan image fragments accordingly.
The cut out parts, in accordance with the plan, must be applied to the main fabric, secured with pins and basted with a thin thread with straight stitches. And basting and processing the edges of the part should be in the direction from the middle to the edge so that there are no wrinkles and distortions.
Thus, the order of work is as follows: fixing the part on the basis (background) with pins; tagging her; processing the edge of the cut of the part with a zigzag stitch.
When performing a multifaceted landscape application, a certain feature appears. Operations are performed gradually for each element of the composition: starting with the details of the background (sky, horizon line, etc.) and ending with the details of the foreground. It must be taken into account that each subsequent element overlaps the previous one in such a way that its lower cut remains unprocessed.
Threads for stitching details are selected to match the main elements or the background. But this can complicate the work (frequent change of the upper spool of thread). Therefore, you can do this: for night and evening landscapes use dark threads, for spring and summer - greenish, for autumn - yellowish and ocher colors, for winter landscapes - white or bluish. To emphasize the elements of the composition, to make them more decorative, it is better to use black threads - cotton or silk. Threads must be used based on the tasks. You can add shine to the contour with silk threads, and cotton threads will help to make the details of the picture more natural and muted. When choosing threads, the chemical composition of fabric fibers should be taken into account. According to the thickness of the fabrics, the number of bobbin threads and machine needles is selected.
Sew the detail on the base fabric with a zigzag stitch.
Let's consider the main ways of processing the edge of parts.
If the fabrics are transparent (lace) and dense adhesive materials cannot be used, and starching the edge of the part does not give the desired effect, then you can proceed as follows:
If the fragment was cut out in violation of the integrity of the contour of the lace pattern, then it is first sewn with a narrow zigzag stitch at a distance of 2-3 mm from the edge, and then a satin satin stitch is installed on the machine and the cut of the part is carefully processed.
Appliqué details can be glued on. To do this, lay the base face up on an ironing board covered with a blanket. They put on it circles of the right size, cut out from the glue cobweb, then the appliqué detail and cover everything with a thick paper napkin or an iron that absorbs moisture well. Glue, ironing.
A few additional tips for the implementation of the application.
If the appliqué is made of a thin elastic fabric, then the places where the part is sewn should be reinforced with interlining or tracing paper. This will make it easier to overcast the corners and oval edges of the appliqué.
When stitching the corners, you should gradually narrow the satin satin stitch. Having reached the corner, turn the base with the application under the needle and continue processing, expanding the line. The stitching narrows to half its width.
The inner corners are sewn in the same way as the outer corners, narrowing the stitch width to half, and then expanding it.
Assembling parts and fixing the appliqué from fibrous materials
The assembly of parts and the fixing of appliqués made of fibrous materials are carried out in various ways, depending on the hard or soft base: by gluing the parts, preliminary stitching the parts and gluing them, sewing the parts to the soft base.
For gluing ropes, cords, braid to a rigid base, we recommend using PVA glue or Moment.
First, the base or background is smeared with glue in small areas, then the rope or cord is pressed tightly against the surface smeared with glue.
Sometimes the details of the image are harvested separately, and then fixed to the background. To do this, the cord or rope is laid on a prepared sketch or template. All spirals are laid, starting from the middle. Rows of laid cord or rope are cut off with tailor's pins parallel to the plane of the sketch or template. The rows are sewn with a seam "over the edge" or pierced with a needle through all the rows parallel to the plane of the sketch. If the pattern goes in a spiral, then the pins are injected in several directions.
After connecting the appliqué parts, the pins are removed, and the finished parts are glued according to the sketch to a rigid base. The side from which the material was stitched is the wrong side.
If desired, the sewn and connected parts can serve as independent products - wall decorations, coasters for hot dishes, etc.
The technology for making applications from natural material by schoolchildren provides for the following stages of work:
preparation of material, its selection;
choice of pattern for application;
material position, sketch creation;
selection of equipment tools, auxiliary materials;
crafts in a variety of ways.
Applique works from natural materials can be made from:
Application work with plant natural material has an impact on the mental development of the child, on the development of his thinking and the emergence of elements of creativity.
Usually, at first, children prefer to act, having previously examined the pattern shown to adults and diligently repeating it. For example, when making an applique from dried leaves, children are first asked to carefully consider what parts the finished work consists of, in what places small parts should be attached to the base and in what way. But then, after repeating the necessary actions and duplicating the method of making a sample, the children already learn the sequence and the very course of actions, as well as the methods of manufacture. Therefore, when the task becomes more complicated, children can already divide the process of doing work into several stages and do the work in repetition after an adult or their own plan. At this moment, elements of creativity appear in the activities of children.
The entertaining work on the implementation of application works from natural material contributes to the development of such qualities in students as attention, patience, curiosity. It is indicative that with this work there is no end to the improvement of work, in this work there is always novelty, creative search, the ability to achieve better results. And all this happens against the background of a favorable emotional mood of children, their joy of communication during work, the pleasure that they experience when creating an appliqué work.
In addition, the performance of appliqué works from natural material brings up children's skills, ingenuity, diligence, and it is also an excellent school of aesthetic education, based on the formation of an artistic view of the world in children, on their search for details of beauty in the surrounding reality.
And it is necessary to introduce children to the world of beauty as early as possible. To begin with, one should recall the words of the poet N.A. Nekrasov that "there is no ugliness in nature." Therefore, each of us is concerned about the beauty of flowers, the fruits of various plants, the colorfulness of autumn leaves and fluttering poplar fluff, the unusual shape and color of flowers. Before you make any natural material a part of your craft, let the child pay attention to its originality. After all, each plant has its own appearance - leaf shapes, colors, surface texture. And when creating a specific craft, all this is taken into account.
The process of turning natural material into crafts contains considerable resources for "immersing" children in the world of their native nature, learning about its various aspects and, at the same time, cultivating a careful, caring attitude towards it, as well as forming the first labor skills. In the course of applique lessons, schoolchildren learn to make decorative works, complex compositions, objects of the surrounding reality, fairy-tale episodes, etc.
The subjects of the works are very diverse, for example: Magic transformations, Flower, Chicken, Vegetables, "Tree in the snow", Peacock, etc.
Application lessons contribute to the development in children of the ability to see and convey the beauty of reality, its nature, forms artistic taste, compositional principles, the ability to work with natural materials, comprehend in the course of work their qualities and properties, the ability to combine colors, shades, make patterns, create products.
Students perform this type of application work starting from the first grade.
Tatiana Levskaya
Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution "Kindergarten No. 6".
Application lesson summary« Aircraft manufacturing technology in the technique of trimming" For children senior group ».
The abstract was:
Levskaya Tatyana Olegovna
caregiver senior group
Volosovo, 2018
Target classes: the formation of skills for the implementation aircraft from corrugated paper facing technique.
Tasks:
Educational:
1. Contribute to the formation of an idea of a new kind of arts and crafts - trimming; familiarize students with execution technique.
2. To form and consolidate knowledge, skills and abilities when working with paper, tools, etc.
3. Get to know flat facing technique;
4. Teach the basic techniques of work, teach how to create compositions in this technique.
Educational:
1. Develop artistic taste, creativity and imagination of students;
2. Improve fine motor skills of the hands, develop the eye;
3. Develop interest in training in the technique of facing.
Educational:
1. To form a culture of work and improve labor skills, teach accuracy, the ability to carefully use material, keep the workplace in order;
2. To cultivate accuracy, diligence;
3. Form friendly relations in the team.
Tools and materials:
colored corrugated paper,
scissors, match, skewer, glue, cardboard.
1. Organizational part.
Facing is one type of paper construction, the art of paper rolling, when with the help of a stick and a small square of paper, tubes are created by winding a square on a stick, trimming. Facing happens on plasticine and on paper. There are several types trimming on paper: volumetric, contour, multilayer and planar. I offer you volumetric trimming when the tubes trimming located throughout the product tightly to each other.
2. Preparatory work
There are wings, there is a nose and a tail,
But, believe me, I'm not simple.
I have motors
I'm very fast, my friends. (Airplane)
At all times, the courage and heroism of Russian soldiers, the glory and power of Russian weapons have been an integral part of the greatness of the Russian state.
So, for several decades now, on February 23, we have been widely and nationwide celebrating the Defender of the Fatherland Day, we are celebrating it with worthy solemnity and special warmth.
February 23 is the day of the military glory of Russia, which Russian troops gained on the battlefields. Initially, this day has a great meaning - to love, honor and protect your Motherland, and, if necessary, to be able to adequately defend it. Warriors had to defend their native Russian land very often, but the Russian soldier always fulfilled his duty with honor.
At present, despite certain difficulties, we can be calm for peace on our land, for a clear sky above our heads, thanks to the true defenders and patriots of the Motherland.
And who do we congratulate on this day? (men, fathers, grandfathers, boys)
Right. But on a holiday it is important to present something that can please? (yes, gifts)
Certainly. And today I will tell you how to do plane in the technique of trimming to congratulate our men.
Fizkultminutka.
Every day in the morning
We do exercises (walking in place).
We really like to do order:
It's fun to walk (walking,
Raise your hands (hands up,
Squat and stand up (squat,
Jump and jump.
3. Practical part
I propose to portray plane in the technique of trimming.
Before we get to work, let's repeat the rules technology safety when working with scissors, matches, skewers, etc. d:
Use the match carefully, do not swing during work;
Pass the scissors with the handle forward.
Stages of work
Cut small squares out of red and green paper.
Now take the tool facing. It can be a ballpoint pen or a small wooden stick - a skewer with a blunt end, a match.
Place the stick with the blunt end in the middle of the square.
Twist the square around the stick.
Dip stick with trimming in glue and stick it to the base (a stencil is circled on cardboard airplane)
So you need to do throughout the stencil (plane green, the stars on the wings are red)
like this the plane turns out in the end.
Look at your airplane. You have made very interesting « airplanes» .
How do you think you can use « aircraft» ? (Give to relatives, close people, dads, grandfathers, congratulate them on February 23)
Why do people give gifts to each other? (because they want to please them)
4. Exhibition of works.
Guys, we have completed the work on aircraft manufacturing"Defender of the Fatherland Day". Now let's arrange the exhibition.
5. Bottom line classes.
Conclusion, summing up.
What new method was used in aircraft manufacturing? (method « Facing» )
What materials were used to create aircraft? (corrugated paper, cardboard, glue, scissors, ballpoint pen or match, skewer)
What form did you use for facing(square)
Were there any difficulties in completing the task?
Related publications:
Summary of the GCD on the non-traditional application technique "Snowman" for children of the senior preschool group Tasks: Educational: - consolidate the ideas.
Summary of classes for children of the senior group. Application by way of trimming "Friendly kittens" Abstract of the organization directly educational activities for children of the older group, application by the method of trimming Theme: “Friendly.
Summary of GCD for applications in the preparatory group. Non-traditional application in the technique of facing "Vase with fruits" Summary of GCD for applications in preparatory group. Non-traditional application in the technique of "Cutting". Theme "Vase of Fruit" Purpose: Development.
Synopsis of GCD on applications in the technique of facing "Snowflake - fluff" (senior group) Purpose: development of creative abilities through.
Paper application, as a creative work, is widely used in the garden and school. Why, then, sometimes children's work in the application technique is not entirely successful, although children love to work with paper and glue. Let's try to figure it out.
Good success applications depends on how clearly cut all the details. Therefore, do not entrust complex work to small children. However, the more often the child engages in cutting, the better he will be able to use scissors.
Children should strive to ensure that the cut line is even and clear without jagged. To do this, you need scissors that are sharp and comfortable in the hand. When cutting round shapes, the scissors in the right hand remain almost stationary, while the paper in the left hand is simply guided.
Small scraps of colored paper are not thrown away, but are left for cutting out small details. The teacher should know all this and tell his students about it. Help and show the correct sequence of actions, teach how to hold scissors.
Once all the details are cut out, you should lay them out against the background and evaluate the composition. If the composition does not suit you, then the details are shifted, moved around the sheet until the desired result is achieved. In order not to make a mistake in placing details on the background, you can slightly outline their contours with a simple pencil. For kids in kindergarten boxes should be provided for folding the cut out parts of the appliqué.
Gluing is probably one of the most painstaking and complex operations in the application. Images are glued to the background in reverse order: first the most distant details, and then gradually approaching the foreground. Not all children can immediately understand this pattern, so an adult should "lead" the children at first and show the correct sequence of work.
Before working with glue, you need to prepare a stack of clean paper. Each part is placed on a clean sheet and smeared with glue. For the next part, take a blank sheet again. Lubricate the part from the center to the edges. The smallest details can be carefully smeared on the finger, applying glue with a match (or a small brush). Hold the paper with glue for a few seconds to swell and only then stick it on the background. After the part is glued, you need to put a clean sheet of paper on top and pressing it, draw the edge of your palm several times over the place where the part is located. This will straighten out all the folds and wrinkles on the paper. In the garden and school, all the work of children can be collected and put in a pile under the press.
The last stage of work is drying. The glued application is placed under the load. The load is applied to the application immediately upon completion of the work. The finished work is closed with a clean sheet and pressed down on top with a heavy book. Remove the load after the work has completely dried. Dried application can be placed in a frame.
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Based on the materials of the book "Application" by M.A. Gusakova
ContentIntroduction…………………………………………………………….….…………3
1. Types of paper and cardboard applications………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Methods of teaching technology to younger students……….….………..10
Conclusions………………………………………………..……………….….……..16
List of sources used………………….………………..……..17
Introduction
The application was born a very long time ago. It appeared as a way to decorate clothes and shoes, household utensils and tools, the interior of your home.
Perhaps the first impetus for the appearance of the appliqué was the need to sew skins for clothes, and the first stitch suggested to a person that they can not only connect the details of clothing, but also decorate it. Details cut from these materials began to be attached to clothing. This is how the app was born.
V.A. Sukhomlinsky wrote: “The origins of the abilities and talents of children are at their fingertips. From them, figuratively speaking, the thinnest streams flow, which feed the source of creative thought. The more confidence in the movements of the hand, the more subtle the interaction of the hand with the tool, the more complex the movements necessary for this interaction, the brighter the creative element of the child's mind. And the more skill in the child's hand, the smarter the child ... ".
Relevance. The development of children's artistic creativity is becoming increasingly important. Children's creativity is realized in various types of artistic activity, and it is the teacher's job to create all the conditions for familiarizing the child with various types of artistic practice. Times and lifestyles change, innovative methods of education appear, but appliqué remains one of the main types of children's creativity. Both small children who still do not know how to talk properly, and older children love to craft from paper - the most accessible, easy to use and versatile material for creating a variety of crafts.
Application lessons are the best opportunity for a child to develop not only the ability to fantasize and skillfully embody fantasies in the form of paper crafts with their own hands, but also such skills as perseverance, neatness, concentration. In addition, the creation of applications from colored paper contributes to the development fine motor skills- the ability to coordinate the child's movements of the fingers, it is believed that the degree of development of fine motor skills is directly related to the overall development of the child, the level of his learning. It is not surprising that a child who knows how to make paper crafts learns to speak, read, and write correctly much faster. That is why children's creativity is so important.
Improving the lessons of fine arts with the use of artistic creativity remains one of the most urgent problems. Today, the educational process at school should include effective forms and methods of development, education of children in folk traditions and art.AApplication work with paper is one of the ways to form the creative abilities of elementary school students in the art lessons.
Types of paper and cardboard applications
Application - the creation of a panel or ornamental decoration from various colored materials: paper, cardboard, cloth, straw, etc. Pieces of cloth or paper are superimposed on the decorated surface, which is the background for the elements of the pattern or panel.
Subject application is a separate subject images pasted on the background, conveying a generalized, conditional image of surrounding objects (stylized). Objects are depicted with a distinct configuration, simple shape, clear proportions, and local coloring.
Decorative appliqué is associated with the concept of decorativeness (images that differ in ornamentality, generalization of forms, color saturation) and represents elements of decoration combined according to the laws of rhythm, symmetry, decorative in color and shape (geometric, floral, etc.) An important role here is played by ornamental composition. The ornament is characterized by rhythm (repetition of the same or alternation of different elements of the pattern) and can be endless or closed (ribbon or central beam composition). Another direction of decorative application is font application, i.e. headings, texts.
Plot-thematic application represents images pasted on the background in relation and in accordance with the theme or plot (event, situation, phenomenon). The content of such an application can be both simple and quite complex, dynamic in action, with a large number of characters and details. Placement of figures can be in one or two or three planes, methods of transferring volume and perspective can be used: the difference in the sizes of the figures of the first and second plan, their location relative to the edge of the sheet, the brightness and saturation of the colors of the foreground figures, their detailed development.
Combination various kinds applications in various combinations gives an infinite number of works, allowing you to solve a variety of tasks:
creating panels, carpets, tapestries, greeting cards, decorating homemade books, notebooks, albums, decorating rooms, clothes, handicrafts, etc. This classification gives an idea of the richness of the visual and expressive means of application and allows you to imagine its possibilities.
Silhouette application represents the images of objects pasted on the background, cut out of paper by continuous, "uninterrupted" movement of scissors along the mentally created silhouette of the object. Naturally, such an image is one-color, placed on a contrasting background and should be easily recognizable, expressive, but generalized (fish, birds, animals, dishes, etc.).
Such an application can become an element of a color application, which is images of objects pasted on the background, consisting of details that are different in color and shape. Usually applications traditionally performed by children belong to this type.
Symmetrical appliqué represents images of objects pasted on the background, having a symmetrical structure. Images of objects can be made using the technique of folding paper in half or several times before cutting out in order to simultaneously convey the shape of repeating parts.
In accordance with the different types of symmetry, there are: a mirror (side) symmetrical application that conveys images of objects that, with some simplification, have a symmetrical structure (leaves, trees, insects, people, etc.); central-beam symmetrical application, in which the uniform distribution of parts is achieved by their rotation relative to the center, when an individual element is repeated many times around the circumference.
Asymmetrical appliqué It is an image of objects pasted on the background, asymmetrical in shape. Together with color appliqué, this type is basic for children's creativity, as it does not dictate strict stylistic restrictions and does not require special manufacturing techniques.
geometric applique is an image of objects glued to the background, composed entirely or partially of geometric details. A geometric figure can be used as an element of geometric ornaments, patterns, when a well-thought-out combination of figures, their sizes, shapes, colors, as well as their order and alternation is necessary. This is a very effective exercise for developing logical thinking, imagination and creativity.
Another option for using geometric shapes is to construct various figures of a complex structure from them (cars, houses, etc.). Such "planar modeling" of figures of the same or different shapes, despite the simplification and stylization, makes it possible not only to create interesting plot compositions, but also to analyze the shape of objects from the point of view of its division into geometric figures, which serves as a preparation for volumetric design. It is also possible to use geometric figures in the vicinity of non-geometric ones, when it is necessary to convey the features of the shape of such objects as a ball, ball, house, etc.
Non-geometric applique does not impose restrictions on the creativity of children related to the simplification and stylization of the form, therefore it belongs to the group of basic types of children's creativity.
cut application made from paper traditional way- cutting, it is also basic.
Ripped appliqué made from paper by cutting. The edges of the parts are uneven, blurry, giving the impression of fluffiness, roughness.
flat applique assumes that images of objects are attached to the plane of the entire background. This is a traditional, basic type of appliqué, except for such a variation of it, when an image is created by cutting holes in the background, and a lining of one or different colors.
Volume application provides that images of objects or their details are attached to the background only by part of the plane, creating the appearance of volume. Exist various options fixing parts: elements are glued with part of the plane; the elements are glued with part of the plane in two or three plans on a base bent like a postcard; the elements are volumetric parts made by folding, they are glued with part of the surface; elements are pasted somewhat crumpled, because they are made of corrugated or embossed paper.
Application with whole silhouettes is an image of objects pasted on the background, not divided into separate details.
The applique fragmented into parts consists of images of objects made from separate parts of the same color or different colors. These last two types of applications are most often found in the practice of teaching younger students.
Mosaic is made from pieces of paper of the same color or different colors that make up the details of the image. The quality of the paper pieces can also vary. Paper mosaic can be contoured (pieces are glued along the edge of the image) or solid (the inner surface of the image is glued). Mosaics can be made with or without gaps.
Single layer application assumes that images of objects or their details are pasted onto the background without overlapping each other.
Multi-layer application is performed by gluing images of objects and their details onto the background in two or three layers.
So, before proceeding with the implementation of the application, it is necessary to decide what characteristics it will have, i.e. what it will be in terms of content, the number of colors, the presence of symmetry, the shape, the method of manufacturing parts, the degree of their fit to the base, the number of parts and the method of their fastening. In addition, you need to have an idea about the features in the application of the composition (the relationship between the size and location of the main figures on the selected format), color (combination of colors, their harmony and correspondence to the content of the application), methods of transferring volume and perspective.
Another important point is the choice of material for work, since paper has many varieties in terms of properties and appearance. Right choice paper allows you to achieve the expressiveness of the image, its accuracy, compliance with the content and style of work. A variety of types and properties of paper serves as an additional source of diversity for appliqué products.
And finally, working with paper requires a whole set of tools and fixtures. Not only the quality of the application, but also the possibility of its implementation often depends on how prepared the workplace is.
2.Methodology for teaching technology to younger students
In the system for the aesthetic education of primary school children, a large place in technology lessons should be given to applications. Application is a type of visual activity, the main purpose of which is figurative reflection, knowledge of reality. Like any cognitive activity, it is of great importance for the mental education of children. There is a gradual expansion of the stock of knowledge based on ideas about the diversity of forms of the spatial arrangement of objects in the surrounding world, various sizes, and the variety of shades of colors.
When organizing the perception of objects and phenomena, it is important to draw children's attention to the variability of shapes, sizes (child and adult), colors (plants at different times of the year), different spatial arrangement of objects and parts (a bird sits, flies, pecks grains, a fish swims in different directions etc.); structural details can also be arranged differently.
Being engaged in application, children get acquainted with materials (paper, paints, clay, chalk, etc.), with their properties, expressive possibilities, acquire work skills.
There are the following types of applications:
1. According to the content: subject, plot, decorative.
2. By the number of colors used: silhouette (monochrome), color (polychrome).
3. In shape: geometric, not geometric.
4. According to the method of manufacturing parts: cut, torn.
5. By the number of details: a whole silhouette, fragmented into parts, mosaic.
6. According to the method of fastening parts: single-layer and multi-layer.
Learning applications without the formation of such mental operations as analysis, comparison, synthesis, generalization is impossible.
The faculty of analysis develops from a more general and coarse discrimination to a more subtle one. Knowledge of objects and their properties, acquired in an effective way, is fixed in the mind.
In the application classes, the speech of children develops: the assimilation and name of shapes, colors and their shades, spatial designations contributes to the enrichment of the dictionary; statements in the process of observing objects, when examining objects, buildings, as well as when looking at illustrations, reproductions from paintings by artists, have a positive effect on expanding vocabulary and forming coherent speech.
Good pre-preparation is essential for a lesson. When designing a lesson, it is necessary to clearly and clearly define the goal and results of the upcoming activity, clearly formulate the tasks that will be set for the children.
1. Choose teaching methods.
2. Select material for the work of children (selection and cutting paper of the desired color, shape and size, checking and sharpening simple pencils, etc.) and material for showing and explaining the teacher (preparing a sample, material for showing cutting techniques, etc. .).
3. During the lesson, organize the correction of erroneous actions of students in time.
4. Immediately before class, prepare the board, ventilate the room.
Classes are held both frontally and individually, which is due to the topic, different levels of students' preparation and their individual characteristics. Various teaching methods are used in the classroom depending on the tasks set.
Application lesson structure.
1. Introduction.
The words that the teacher addresses to the children should be emotional and interest the children in the upcoming work, create a vivid image of what the children will cut out. Theoretical material is usually given at the beginning of the lesson, when the children are most productive. A new topic or task should be explained simply and clearly, be sure to reinforce the explanation with visual material. Examination of illustrations, paintings and other visual material leads to the development of observation, creative imagination.
Specific instructions on how to perform work, establishing a sequence are especially important. In this, children, encouraged by the teacher, should also take an active part - answer questions, recall previously learned skills.
It is necessary to arouse children's interest in the process using riddles, poems, artistic words. It is in the water part that children are motivated.
2. Main part (practical).
When conducting a lesson, it is important to organically connect its individual parts. The teacher needs to think over the content and course of each lesson so that the practical part is a natural continuation and consolidation of the theoretical information received by students. In the practical part, you can use techniques aimed at direct teaching, for example, an explanatory drawing of a teacher on a blackboard with chalk or on a separate sheet with a bright pencil or felt-tip pen. Its purpose is to show the children the process of creating an image, the sequence of the application. It is in the practical part of the lesson that the development of the perception of color, shape, size, space, time takes place; development of the basic properties of attention, increase in memory; development of visual forms of thinking and the formation of logical thinking; formation of mental operations (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, classification, analogy); development of the child's creative abilities, imagination, flexible, non-standard thinking; speech development, replenishment, clarification and activation of vocabulary; development of fine motor skills of the hand, preparation of the hand for writing; development of communication skills and behavior control skills; building positive self-esteem and self-confidence. The teacher chooses teaching methods, methodological techniques, taking into account the knowledge and practical skills of students. At first, introducing children to the basics of applique, the teacher directs their activities to the correct implementation of cutting and gluing techniques, and monitors the quality of performance. When performing the initial tasks, various exercises are appropriate that require students to acquire certain skills. The teacher must achieve from the children the accuracy and accuracy of this preparatory work. Children should understand that the quality of the subsequent work to a large extent depends on it.
Part of the lessons, especially at later stages, should aim to form the simplest skills of teamwork, the accumulation of the first experience of joint actions, as well as the encouragement to actively communicate with other children and adults.
3. Final part.
There is a comparison of works, praise. As psychologists point out, for the implementation different types activities, mental development of children are of great importance those qualities, skills, abilities that they acquire in the process of drawing, application and design.
The development of sensory perception is facilitated by such paper processing operations as bending, cutting, tearing and tearing, sticking. The application promotes sensory education and the development of visual-figurative thinking. In order to create an application, the child needs to markup.
There are the following types of marking on paper: by eye, by stencil, by template, by transmission, through carbon paper, by bending.
The significance of applique classes for moral education also lies in the fact that in the process of these classes, moral and volitional qualities are brought up in children: the need and ability to complete what has been started, to work with concentration and purpose, to help a friend, overcome difficulties, etc.
Schoolchildren in elementary grades at technology lessons master many practical skills that will later be needed to perform a wide variety of jobs, acquire manual skills that will allow them to feel independent. The participation of children in preparing for classes and cleaning jobs contributes to the formation of diligence and self-service skills.
In the process of application, favorable conditions are created for the development of aesthetic perception and emotions, which gradually turn into aesthetic feelings that contribute to the formation of an aesthetic attitude to reality. The aesthetic feeling that arises when perceiving a beautiful object includes various constituent elements: a sense of color, a sense of proportion, a sense of shape, a sense of rhythm.
For the aesthetic education of children and for the development of their visual abilities, acquaintance with works of fine art is of great importance. The brightness, expressiveness of images in pictures, sculpture, architecture and works of applied art evoke aesthetic experiences, help to perceive the phenomena of life deeper and more fully and find figurative expressions of one's impressions in drawing, modeling, and appliqué. Gradually, children develop artistic taste.
The main task in aesthetic development through the application is the awakening in children of an emotional relationship to nature. Nature is one of the factors influencing the development and formation of aesthetic feelings, it is an inexhaustible source of aesthetic impressions and emotional impact on a person. In people's lives, nature occupies a significant place, contributes to the formation and development of aesthetic feelings and tastes.
In work on aesthetic education by means of nature with children of primary school age, the teacher must be well aware of the characteristics of this age. Children have a great desire for self-reliance, independence. They want to see everything, to discover everything themselves.
Thus, organizing the activity of the child, i.e. educating him, you need to give him support in the corresponding need, induce him to the necessary motivation and attract him to a specific goal. Needs, motives and goals are the basis of our relationships and our feelings.
Only by organizing the needs, motives and goals of the child's activity in accordance with the task that you set in education, you can bring up the desired quality of his personality. And to organize, perhaps, again, only in activity.
In the work on aesthetic education, it is important to know and take into account not only the orientation of interests, but also the features of this perception (aesthetic): perceiving the phenomenon of the surrounding reality, a person is guided not only by cognitive and moral criteria, but also by aesthetic principles.
The content and richness of feelings expressed through the application are directly dependent on the nature of perception. In accordance with age, aesthetic perception has its own characteristics, due to the stock of ideas and the amount of life experience of children.
School-age children in the primary grades, as a rule, cannot correctly assess the picture of what they saw as a whole. They still lack the ability to combine, synthesize individual perceptions into general impressions. The ability to notice, to highlight the beautiful develops gradually. But if development occurs spontaneously, without the targeted influence of school and family, then it may be delayed.
Conclusions.
It is believed that the highest level of activity is achieved by a person in creativity. People who have poorly developed reproductive skills can be potential violators of the cultural traditions of the society. In the absence of a targeted pedagogical impact on the development of the creative abilities of students, their extinction occurs. In order not to replenish the category of destroyers, it is necessary to involve all children, regardless of their abilities, in creative activity.
Decorative and applied art is traditional in any country of the world. Decorative and applied art contributes to the spiritual development of a person - through creative, aesthetically significant creative activity.
Schoolchildren have a desire and need to work, because. this activity is associated with positive emotions. The moral and creative satisfaction experienced by a person in the process of labor causes a desire to re-experience a sense of joy from this process and results.
And in conclusion, it should be noted that appliqué is one of the most favorite types of visual activity for children: children are pleased with the bright color of the paper, the good arrangement of the figures, the cutting and gluing technique is of great interest to them. Application as a type of visual activity is aimed at developing certain knowledge in children, developing skills, developing skills and educating a personality. The application gives children the opportunity to acquire knowledge about the color, structure of objects, their size, shape and composition.
Thus, arts and crafts, in particular, the application technique in elementary school, allows solving those educational tasks that are among the most important today.
List of sources used
1. Vygonov, V.V. Elementary School. Labor training. compositions,
gifts, models[ Text] / V.V. Vygonov.- M.: "First of September", 2002.
2. Vygonov, V.V. Elementary School. Labor training. crafts, models,
toys [Text]/ V.V. Vygonov.- M.: "First of September", 2000.
3. Likhachev, D.B. "The theory of aesthetic education of schoolchildren" [Text] / D.B. Likhachev. - M.: "Pedagogy", 2002.
4. Turnover, G.I. Homemade from different materials. [Text] / G.I. Turnover. - M .: "Enlightenment", 1985.
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